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Last modified by Zenna Elfen on 2026/01/05 21:51
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edited by Zenna Elfen
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edited by Zenna Elfen
on 2026/01/05 19:46
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5 += Peer-for-Peer Networks =
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7 +P4P, short for Peer-4-Peer (which in turn is short for Peer-for-Peer) are a family of networks which build on principles of local-first, peer-2-peer, open-source, routing agnostic (offline-first) and mutual-aid principles. The above is a lot of terms which in and of themselves carry a lot of meaning, yet when combined they enable censorship-resistant, resilient and adaptive, sustainable and energy-efficient communication infrastructures.
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20 +{{box title="==== Contents ====
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22 +====== ======"}}
23 +{{toc depth="5"/}}
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3 -This page contains an overview of all P4P Networks in this wiki. You can also [[add a P4P Network>>doc:Projects.WebHome]] or have a look at the [[P4P Applications>>doc:P4P.Applications.WebHome]].
30 +This page contains an overview of all P4P Networks in this wiki and their building blocks.
31 +
32 +You can also [[add a P4P Network>>doc:Projects.WebHome]] or have a look at the [[P4P Applications>>doc:P4P.Applications.WebHome]].
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41 +== Building Blocks of P4P Networks ==
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46 +To fully assemble a P4P network one needs a few different building blocks, below is an overview of 15 of those building blocks. Lost in translation? Take a look at the [[terminology>>doc:P4P.Definitions.WebHome]].
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48 +
49 +
50 +==== **1. Data Synchronization** ====
51 +
52 +> Synchronization answers **how updates flow between peers** and how they determine what data to exchange. This layer is about **diffing, reconciliation, order, causality tracking, and efficient exchange**, not persistence or user-facing collaboration semantics.
53 +
54 +* //How do peers detect differences and synchronize state?//
55 +* Examples: Range-Based Set Reconciliation, RIBLT, Gossip-based sync, State-based vs op-based sync, Lamport/Vector/HLC clocks, Braid Protocol
56 +
57 +
58 +
59 +==== **2. Collaborative Data Structures & Conflict Resolution** ====
60 +
61 +> This layer defines **how shared data evolves** when multiple peers edit concurrently. It focuses on **conflict-free merging, causality, and consistency of meaning**, not transport or storage. CRDTs ensure deterministic convergence, while event-sourced or stream-driven models maintain a history of all changes and derive consistent state from it.
62 +
63 +* //How do peers collaboratively change shared data and merge conflicts?//
64 +* Examples: CRDTs (Yjs, Automerge), OT, Event Sourcing, Stream Processing, Version Vectors, Peritext
65 +
66 +
67 +
68 +==== **3. Data Storage & Replication** ====
69 +
70 +> This layer focuses on **durability, consistency, and redundancy**. It handles write-paths, crash-resilience, and replication semantics across nodes. It is the “database/storage engine” layer where **data lives and survives over time**, independent of sync or merging logic.
71 +
72 +* //How is data persisted locally and replicated between peers?//
73 +* Examples: SQLite, IndexedDB, LMDB, Hypercore (append-only logs), WALs, Merkle-DAGs (IPFS/IPLD), Blob/media storage
74 +
75 +
76 +
77 +==== **4. Peer & Content Discovery** ====
78 +
79 +> Discovery occurs in two phases:
80 +> 1. **Peer Discovery** → finding _any_ nodes
81 +> 2. **Topic Discovery** → finding _relevant_ nodes or resources
82 +> These mechanisms enable decentralized bootstrapping and interest-based overlays.
83 +
84 +* //How do peers find each other, and how do they discover content in the network?//
85 +* Examples: DHTs (Kademlia, Pastry), mDNS, DNS-SD, Bluetooth scanning, QR bootstrapping, static peer lists, Interest-based routing, PubSub discovery (libp2p), Rendezvous protocols
86 +
87 +
88 +
89 +==== **5. Identity & Trust** ====
90 +
91 +> Identity systems ensure reliable mapping between peers and cryptographic keys. They underpin authorization, federated trust, and secure overlays.
92 +
93 +* //How peers identify themselves, authenticate, and establish trustworthy relationships?//
94 +* Examples: PKI, Distributed Identities (DIDs), Web-of-Trust, TOFU (SSH-style), Verifiable Credentials (VCs), Peer key fingerprints (libp2p PeerIDs), Key transparency logs
95 +
96 +
97 +
98 +==== **6. Transport Layer** ====
99 +
100 +> This layer provides logical connections and flow control. QUIC and WebRTC bring modern congestion control and encryption defaults; Interpeer explores transport beyond IP assumptions.
101 +
102 +* //How do peers establish end-to-end byte streams and reliable delivery?//
103 +* Examples: TCP, UDP, QUIC, SCTP, WebRTC DataChannels, Interpeer transport stack
104 +
105 +
106 +
107 +==== **7. Underlying Transport (Physical/Link Layer)** ====
108 +
109 +> Highly relevant for **offline-first / edge networks**, device-to-device communication, and mesh networks and relates to the hardware which facilitates connections.
110 +
111 +* //How does data move across the medium?//
112 +* Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi Direct / Wi-Fi Aware (post-AWDL), Bluetooth Mesh, LoRa, NFC, Cellular, CSMA/CA, TDMA, FHSS
113 +
114 +
115 +
116 +==== **8. Session & Connection Management** ====
117 +
118 +> Manages **connection lifecycle**, including authentication handshakes, reconnection after drops, and session continuation—especially important in lossy or mobile networks.
119 +
120 +* //How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?//
121 +* Examples: TLS handshake semantics, Noise IK/XX patterns, session tokens, keep-alive heartbeats, reconnection strategies, session resumption tickets
122 +
123 +
124 +
125 +==== **9. Content Addressing** ====
126 +
127 +> Content addressing ensures **immutability, verifiability, and deduplication**. Identity of data = cryptographic hash, enabling offline-first and tamper-evident systems.
128 +
129 +* //How is data addressed and verified by content, not location?//
130 +* Examples: IPFS CIDs, BitTorrent infohashes, Git hashes, SHA-256 addressing, Named Data Networking (NDN)
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132 +
133 +
134 +==== **10. P2P Connectivity** ====
135 +
136 +> Connectivity ensures peers bypass NATs/firewalls to reach each other. 
137 +
138 +* //How can two peers connect directly across networks, firewalls, and NATs?//
139 +* Examples: IPv6 direct, NAT Traversal, STUN, TURN, ICE (used in WebRTC), UDP hole punching, UPnP
140 +
141 +
142 +
143 +==== **11. Session & Connection Management** ====
144 +
145 +> Manages **connection lifecycle**, including authentication handshakes, reconnection after drops, and session continuation.
146 +
147 +* //How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?//
148 +* Examples: TLS handshake semantics, Noise IK/XX patterns, session tokens, keep-alive heartbeats, reconnection strategies, session resumption tickets
149 +
150 +
151 +
152 +==== **12. Message Format & Serialization** ====
153 +
154 +> Serialization ensures **portable data representation**, forward-compatible schemas, and efficient messaging. IPLD provides content-addressed structuring for P2P graph data.
155 +
156 +* //How is data encoded, structured, and made interoperable between peers?//
157 +* Examples: CBOR, Protocol Buffers, Cap’n Proto, JSON, ASN.1, IPLD schemas, Flatbuffers
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159 +
160 +
161 +==== **13. File / Blob Synchronization** ====
162 +
163 +> Bulk data syncing has **different trade-offs** than small collaborative state (chunking, deduplication, partial transfer, resume logic). Critical for media and archival P2P use-cases.
164 +
165 +//How are large objects transferred and deduplicated efficiently across peers?//
166 +Examples: BitTorrent chunking, IPFS block-store, NDN segments, rsync-style delta sync, ZFS send-receive, streaming blob transfers
167 +
168 +
169 +==== **14. Local Storage & Processing Primitives** ====
170 +
171 +> Provides durable on-device state and local computation (event sourcing, materialization, compaction). Enables offline-first writes and deterministic replay.
172 +
173 +* //How do nodes persist, index, and process data locally—without external servers?//
174 +* Examples: RocksDB, LevelDB, SQLite, LMDB, local WALs/append-only logs, embedded stream processors (NATS Core JetStream mode, Actyx-like edge runtimes), Kafka-like libraries
175 +
176 +
177 +
178 +==== **15. Crash Resilience & Abortability** ====
179 +
180 +> Ensures P2P apps don’t corrupt state on crashes. Tied to **local storage & stream-processing**, and critical in offline-first and distributed update pipelines. Abortability is the updated term for Atomicity as part of the ACID abbreviation.
181 +
182 +* //How do nodes recover and maintain correctness under failure?//
183 +* Examples: WALs, idempotent ops, partial log replay, transactional journaling, write fences
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186 +
187 +
188 +== Distributed Network Types ==
189 +
190 +
191 +[[Flowchart depicting distributed network variants, under development. Building on work from Z. Elfen, 2024: ~[~[https:~~~~/~~~~/doi.org/10.17613/naj7d-6g984~>~>https://doi.org/10.17613/naj7d-6g984~]~]>>image:P4P_Typology.png||alt="Flowchart depicting typologies of distributed networks, such as Friend-2-Friend, Grassroots Networks, Federated Networks, Local-First, P2P and P4P Networks" data-xwiki-image-style-alignment="center" height="649" width="639"]]
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199 +== Overview of P4P Networks ==
200 +
11 11  {{include reference="Projects.WebHome"/}}
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P4P_Typology.png
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