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3		-This page contains an overview of all P4P Networks in this wiki and their building blocks.
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	5	+= Peer-for-Peer Networks =
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5		-You can also [[add a P4P Network>>doc:Projects.WebHome]] or have a look at the [[P4P Applications>>doc:P4P.Applications.WebHome]].
	7	+P4P, short for Peer-4-Peer (which in turn is short for Peer-for-Peer) are a family of networks which build on principles of local-first, peer-2-peer, open-source, routing agnostic (offline-first) and mutual-aid principles. The above is a lot of terms which in and of themselves carry a lot of meaning, yet when combined they enable censorship-resistant, resilient and adaptive, sustainable and energy-efficient communication infrastructures.
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	13	+== Building Blocks of P4P Networks ==
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	15	+To fully assemble a P4P network one needs a few different building blocks, below is an overview of 15 of those building blocks. Lost in translation? Take a look at the [[terminology>>doc:P4P.Definitions.WebHome]].
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	21	+{{box title="==== Contents ====
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	23	+====== ======"}}
	24	+{{toc depth="5"/}}
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16		-
17		-== Building Blocks of P4P Networks ==
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22		-Lost in translation? Take a look at the [[terminology>>doc:P4P.Definitions.WebHome]].
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	32	+==== ====
24	24
25		-To fully assemble a P4P network one needs a few different building blocks. The following is an overview of the building blocks needed for P4P networks.
	34	+==== **1. Data Synchronization** ====
26	26
27		-
28		-==== **Data Synchronization** ====
29		-
30	30	> Synchronization answers **how updates flow between peers** and how they determine what data to exchange. This layer is about **diffing, reconciliation, order, causality tracking, and efficient exchange**, not persistence or user-facing collaboration semantics.
31	31
32		-- _How do peers detect differences and synchronize state?_
33		-- Examples: Range-Based Set Reconciliation, RIBLT, Gossip-based sync, State-based vs op-based sync, Lamport/Vector/HLC clocks, Braid Protocol
	38	+* //How do peers detect differences and synchronize state?//
	39	+* Examples: Range-Based Set Reconciliation, RIBLT, Gossip-based sync, State-based vs op-based sync, Lamport/Vector/HLC clocks, Braid Protocol
34	34
35		-*Relevant links or documentation:*
36	36
37	37
38		-==== **Collaborative Data Structures & Conflict Resolution** ====
	43	+==== **2. Collaborative Data Structures & Conflict Resolution** ====
39	39
40	40	> This layer defines **how shared data evolves** when multiple peers edit concurrently. It focuses on **conflict-free merging, causality, and consistency of meaning**, not transport or storage. CRDTs ensure deterministic convergence, while event-sourced or stream-driven models maintain a history of all changes and derive consistent state from it.
41	41
42		-- _How do peers collaboratively change shared data and merge conflicts?_
43		-- Examples: CRDTs (Yjs, Automerge), OT, Event Sourcing, Stream Processing, Version Vectors, Peritext
	47	+* //How do peers collaboratively change shared data and merge conflicts?//
	48	+* Examples: CRDTs (Yjs, Automerge), OT, Event Sourcing, Stream Processing, Version Vectors, Peritext
44	44
45		-*Relevant links or documentation:*
46	46
47	47
48		-==== **Data Storage & Replication** ====
	52	+==== **3. Data Storage & Replication** ====
49	49
50	50	> This layer focuses on **durability, consistency, and redundancy**. It handles write-paths, crash-resilience, and replication semantics across nodes. It is the “database/storage engine” layer where **data lives and survives over time**, independent of sync or merging logic.
51	51
52		-- _How is data persisted locally and replicated between peers?_
53		-- Examples: SQLite, IndexedDB, LMDB, Hypercore (append-only logs), WALs, Merkle-DAGs (IPFS/IPLD), Blob/media storage
	56	+* //How is data persisted locally and replicated between peers?//
	57	+* Examples: SQLite, IndexedDB, LMDB, Hypercore (append-only logs), WALs, Merkle-DAGs (IPFS/IPLD), Blob/media storage
54	54
55		-*Relevant links or documentation:*
56	56
57		-==== **Peer & Content Discovery** ====
58	58
	61	+==== **4. Peer & Content Discovery** ====
	62	+
59	59	> Discovery occurs in two phases:
60	60	> 1. **Peer Discovery** → finding _any_ nodes
61	61	> 2. **Topic Discovery** → finding _relevant_ nodes or resources
62	62	> These mechanisms enable decentralized bootstrapping and interest-based overlays.
63	63
	68	+* //How do peers find each other, and how do they discover content in the network?//
	69	+* Examples: DHTs (Kademlia, Pastry), mDNS, DNS-SD, Bluetooth scanning, QR bootstrapping, static peer lists, Interest-based routing, PubSub discovery (libp2p), Rendezvous protocols
64	64
65		-- _How do peers find each other, and how do they discover content in the network?_
66		-- Examples: DHTs (Kademlia, Pastry), mDNS, DNS-SD, Bluetooth scanning, QR bootstrapping, static peer lists, Interest-based routing, PubSub discovery (libp2p), Rendezvous protocols
67	67
68		-*Relevant links or documentation:*
69	69
70		-# **Identity & Trust**
	73	+==== **5. Identity & Trust** ====
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72	72	> Identity systems ensure reliable mapping between peers and cryptographic keys. They underpin authorization, federated trust, and secure overlays.
73	73
74		-- _How peers identify themselves, authenticate, and establish trustworthy relationships?_
75		-- Examples: PKI, Distributed Identities (DIDs), Web-of-Trust, TOFU (SSH-style), Verifiable Credentials (VCs), Peer key fingerprints (libp2p PeerIDs), Key transparency logs
	77	+* //How peers identify themselves, authenticate, and establish trustworthy relationships?//
	78	+* Examples: PKI, Distributed Identities (DIDs), Web-of-Trust, TOFU (SSH-style), Verifiable Credentials (VCs), Peer key fingerprints (libp2p PeerIDs), Key transparency logs
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78	78
	82	+==== **6. Transport Layer** ====
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	84	+> This layer provides logical connections and flow control. QUIC and WebRTC bring modern congestion control and encryption defaults; Interpeer explores transport beyond IP assumptions.
80	80
	86	+* //How do peers establish end-to-end byte streams and reliable delivery?//
	87	+* Examples: TCP, UDP, QUIC, SCTP, WebRTC DataChannels, Interpeer transport stack
81	81
	89	+
	90	+
	91	+==== **7. Underlying Transport (Physical/Link Layer)** ====
	92	+
	93	+> Highly relevant for **offline-first / edge networks**, device-to-device communication, and mesh networks and relates to the hardware which facilitates connections.
	94	+
	95	+* //How does data move across the medium?//
	96	+* Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi Direct / Wi-Fi Aware (post-AWDL), Bluetooth Mesh, LoRa, NFC, Cellular, CSMA/CA, TDMA, FHSS
	97	+
	98	+
	99	+
	100	+==== **8. Session & Connection Management** ====
	101	+
	102	+> Manages **connection lifecycle**, including authentication handshakes, reconnection after drops, and session continuation—especially important in lossy or mobile networks.
	103	+
	104	+* //How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?//
	105	+* Examples: TLS handshake semantics, Noise IK/XX patterns, session tokens, keep-alive heartbeats, reconnection strategies, session resumption tickets
	106	+
	107	+
	108	+
	109	+==== **9. Content Addressing** ====
	110	+
	111	+> Content addressing ensures **immutability, verifiability, and deduplication**. Identity of data = cryptographic hash, enabling offline-first and tamper-evident systems.
	112	+
	113	+* //How is data addressed and verified by content, not location?//
	114	+* Examples: IPFS CIDs, BitTorrent infohashes, Git hashes, SHA-256 addressing, Named Data Networking (NDN)
	115	+
	116	+
	117	+
	118	+==== **10. P2P Connectivity** ====
	119	+
	120	+> Connectivity ensures peers bypass NATs/firewalls to reach each other.
	121	+
	122	+* //How can two peers connect directly across networks, firewalls, and NATs?//
	123	+* Examples: IPv6 direct, NAT Traversal, STUN, TURN, ICE (used in WebRTC), UDP hole punching, UPnP
	124	+
	125	+
	126	+
	127	+==== **11. Session & Connection Management** ====
	128	+
	129	+> Manages **connection lifecycle**, including authentication handshakes, reconnection after drops, and session continuation.
	130	+
	131	+* //How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?//
	132	+* Examples: TLS handshake semantics, Noise IK/XX patterns, session tokens, keep-alive heartbeats, reconnection strategies, session resumption tickets
	133	+
	134	+
	135	+
	136	+==== **12. Message Format & Serialization** ====
	137	+
	138	+> Serialization ensures **portable data representation**, forward-compatible schemas, and efficient messaging. IPLD provides content-addressed structuring for P2P graph data.
	139	+
	140	+* //How is data encoded, structured, and made interoperable between peers?//
	141	+* Examples: CBOR, Protocol Buffers, Cap’n Proto, JSON, ASN.1, IPLD schemas, Flatbuffers
	142	+
	143	+
	144	+
	145	+==== **13. File / Blob Synchronization** ====
	146	+
	147	+> Bulk data syncing has **different trade-offs** than small collaborative state (chunking, deduplication, partial transfer, resume logic). Critical for media and archival P2P use-cases.
	148	+
	149	+//How are large objects transferred and deduplicated efficiently across peers?//
	150	+Examples: BitTorrent chunking, IPFS block-store, NDN segments, rsync-style delta sync, ZFS send-receive, streaming blob transfers
	151	+
	152	+
	153	+==== **14. Local Storage & Processing Primitives** ====
	154	+
	155	+> Provides durable on-device state and local computation (event sourcing, materialization, compaction). Enables offline-first writes and deterministic replay.
	156	+
	157	+* //How do nodes persist, index, and process data locally—without external servers?//
	158	+* Examples: RocksDB, LevelDB, SQLite, LMDB, local WALs/append-only logs, embedded stream processors (NATS Core JetStream mode, Actyx-like edge runtimes), Kafka-like libraries
	159	+
	160	+
	161	+
	162	+==== **15. Crash Resilience & Abortability** ====
	163	+
	164	+> Ensures P2P apps don’t corrupt state on crashes. Tied to **local storage & stream-processing**, and critical in offline-first and distributed update pipelines. Abortability is the updated term for Atomicity as part of the ACID abbreviation.
	165	+
	166	+* //How do nodes recover and maintain correctness under failure?//
	167	+* Examples: WALs, idempotent ops, partial log replay, transactional journaling, write fences
	168	+
	169	+
	170	+
	171	+
82	82	== Distributed Network Types ==
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85	85	[[Flowchart depicting distributed network variants, under development. Building on work from Z. Elfen, 2024: ~[~[https:~~~~/~~~~/doi.org/10.17613/naj7d-6g984~>~>https://doi.org/10.17613/naj7d-6g984~]~]>>image:P4P_Typology.png||alt="Flowchart depicting typologies of distributed networks, such as Friend-2-Friend, Grassroots Networks, Federated Networks, Local-First, P2P and P4P Networks" data-xwiki-image-style-alignment="center" height="649" width="639"]]
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	177	+== ==
87	87
88		-
89	89	== Overview of P4P Networks ==
90	90
91	91	{{include reference="Projects.WebHome"/}}
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	190	+~)~)~)