Changes for page Networks

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5		-= Peer-for-Peer Networks =
	3	+This page contains an overview of all P4P Networks in this wiki and their building blocks.
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7		-P4P, short for Peer-4-Peer (which in turn is short for Peer-for-Peer) are a family of networks which build on principles of local-first, peer-2-peer, open-source, routing agnostic (offline-first) and mutual-aid principles. The above is a lot of terms which in and of themselves carry a lot of meaning, yet when combined they enable censorship-resistant, resilient and adaptive, sustainable and energy-efficient communication infrastructures.
	5	+You can also [[add a P4P Network>>doc:Projects.WebHome]] or have a look at the [[P4P Applications>>doc:P4P.Applications.WebHome]].
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14		-{{box title="==== Contents ====
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16		-====== ======"}}
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24		-This page contains an overview of all P4P Networks in this wiki and their building blocks.
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26		-You can also [[add a P4P Network>>doc:Projects.WebHome]] or have a look at the [[P4P Applications>>doc:P4P.Applications.WebHome]].
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35	35	== Building Blocks of P4P Networks ==
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88	88	* Examples: PKI, Distributed Identities (DIDs), Web-of-Trust, TOFU (SSH-style), Verifiable Credentials (VCs), Peer key fingerprints (libp2p PeerIDs), Key transparency logs
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90	90
91		-
92	92	==== **6. Transport Layer** ====
93	93
94	94	> This layer provides logical connections and flow control. QUIC and WebRTC bring modern congestion control and encryption defaults; Interpeer explores transport beyond IP assumptions.
95	95
96		-* //How do peers establish end-to-end byte streams and reliable delivery?//
	79	+* How do peers establish end-to-end byte streams and reliable delivery?
97	97	* Examples: TCP, UDP, QUIC, SCTP, WebRTC DataChannels, Interpeer transport stack
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99	99
100		-
101	101	==== **7. Underlying Transport (Physical/Link Layer)** ====
102	102
103	103	> Highly relevant for **offline-first / edge networks**, device-to-device communication, and mesh networks and relates to the hardware which facilitates connections.
104	104
105		-* //How does data move across the medium?//
	87	+* How does data move across the medium?
106	106	* Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi Direct / Wi-Fi Aware (post-AWDL), Bluetooth Mesh, LoRa, NFC, Cellular, CSMA/CA, TDMA, FHSS
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108		-
109		-
110	110	==== **8. Session & Connection Management** ====
111	111
112	112	> Manages **connection lifecycle**, including authentication handshakes, reconnection after drops, and session continuation—especially important in lossy or mobile networks.
113	113
114		-* //How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?//
	94	+* How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?
115	115	* Examples: TLS handshake semantics, Noise IK/XX patterns, session tokens, keep-alive heartbeats, reconnection strategies, session resumption tickets
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118		-
119	119	==== **9. Content Addressing** ====
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121	121	> Content addressing ensures **immutability, verifiability, and deduplication**. Identity of data = cryptographic hash, enabling offline-first and tamper-evident systems.
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123		-* //How is data addressed and verified by content, not location?//
	102	+* How is data addressed and verified by content, not location?
124	124	* Examples: IPFS CIDs, BitTorrent infohashes, Git hashes, SHA-256 addressing, Named Data Networking (NDN)
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126		-
127		-
128	128	==== **10. P2P Connectivity** ====
129	129
130		-> Connectivity ensures peers bypass NATs/firewalls to reach each other.
	107	+> Connectivity ensures peers bypass NATs/firewalls to reach each other.
131	131
132		-* //How can two peers connect directly across networks, firewalls, and NATs?//
	109	+* How can two peers connect directly across networks, firewalls, and NATs?
133	133	* Examples: IPv6 direct, NAT Traversal, STUN, TURN, ICE (used in WebRTC), UDP hole punching, UPnP
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135		-
136		-
137	137	==== **11. Session & Connection Management** ====
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139	139	> Manages **connection lifecycle**, including authentication handshakes, reconnection after drops, and session continuation.
140	140
141		-* //How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?//
	116	+* How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?
142	142	* Examples: TLS handshake semantics, Noise IK/XX patterns, session tokens, keep-alive heartbeats, reconnection strategies, session resumption tickets
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144		-
145		-
146	146	==== **12. Message Format & Serialization** ====
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148	148	> Serialization ensures **portable data representation**, forward-compatible schemas, and efficient messaging. IPLD provides content-addressed structuring for P2P graph data.
149	149
150		-* //How is data encoded, structured, and made interoperable between peers?//
	123	+* How is data encoded, structured, and made interoperable between peers?
151	151	* Examples: CBOR, Protocol Buffers, Cap’n Proto, JSON, ASN.1, IPLD schemas, Flatbuffers
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153		-
154		-
155	155	==== **13. File / Blob Synchronization** ====
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157	157	> Bulk data syncing has **different trade-offs** than small collaborative state (chunking, deduplication, partial transfer, resume logic). Critical for media and archival P2P use-cases.
158	158
159		-//How are large objects transferred and deduplicated efficiently across peers?//
	130	+How are large objects transferred and deduplicated efficiently across peers?
160	160	Examples: BitTorrent chunking, IPFS block-store, NDN segments, rsync-style delta sync, ZFS send-receive, streaming blob transfers
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162		-
163	163	==== **14. Local Storage & Processing Primitives** ====
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165	165	> Provides durable on-device state and local computation (event sourcing, materialization, compaction). Enables offline-first writes and deterministic replay.
166	166
167		-* //How do nodes persist, index, and process data locally—without external servers?//
	137	+* How do nodes persist, index, and process data locally—without external servers?
168	168	* Examples: RocksDB, LevelDB, SQLite, LMDB, local WALs/append-only logs, embedded stream processors (NATS Core JetStream mode, Actyx-like edge runtimes), Kafka-like libraries
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170	170
171		-
172	172	==== **15. Crash Resilience & Abortability** ====
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174	174	> Ensures P2P apps don’t corrupt state on crashes. Tied to **local storage & stream-processing**, and critical in offline-first and distributed update pipelines. Abortability is the updated term for Atomicity as part of the ACID abbreviation.
175	175
176		-* //How do nodes recover and maintain correctness under failure?//
	145	+* How do nodes recover and maintain correctness under failure?
177	177	* Examples: WALs, idempotent ops, partial log replay, transactional journaling, write fences
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185	185	[[Flowchart depicting distributed network variants, under development. Building on work from Z. Elfen, 2024: ~[~[https:~~~~/~~~~/doi.org/10.17613/naj7d-6g984~>~>https://doi.org/10.17613/naj7d-6g984~]~]>>image:P4P_Typology.png||alt="Flowchart depicting typologies of distributed networks, such as Friend-2-Friend, Grassroots Networks, Federated Networks, Local-First, P2P and P4P Networks" data-xwiki-image-style-alignment="center" height="649" width="639"]]
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193	193	== Overview of P4P Networks ==
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195	195	{{include reference="Projects.WebHome"/}}
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