Wiki source code of Networks
Version 43.1 by Zenna Elfen on 2026/01/05 20:01
Hide last authors
| author | version | line-number | content |
|---|---|---|---|
 |
19.1 | 1 | (% class="jumbotron" %) |
| 2 | ((( | ||
| 3 | (% class="container" %) | ||
| 4 | ((( | ||
| |
20.1 | 5 | = Peer-for-Peer Networks = |
| |
19.1 | 6 | |
| |
20.1 | 7 | P4P, short for Peer-4-Peer (which in turn is short for Peer-for-Peer) are a family of networks which build on principles of local-first, peer-2-peer, open-source, routing agnostic (offline-first) and mutual-aid principles. The above is a lot of terms which in and of themselves carry a lot of meaning, yet when combined they enable censorship-resistant, resilient and adaptive, sustainable and energy-efficient communication infrastructures. |
| |
19.1 | 8 | ))) |
| 9 | ))) | ||
| 10 | |||
| |
42.1 | 11 | |
| |
43.1 | 12 | |
| 13 | |||
| |
42.1 | 14 | (% class="col-xs-12 col-sm-4" %) |
| 15 | ((( | ||
| 16 | {{box title=" **Contents**"}} | ||
| |
41.1 | 17 | {{toc depth="5"/}} |
| 18 | {{/box}} | ||
| |
28.1 | 19 | |
| |
34.1 | 20 | |
| |
39.1 | 21 | |
| 22 | |||
| |
40.1 | 23 | |
| 24 | |||
| |
43.1 | 25 | (% class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8" %) |
| |
33.1 | 26 | ((( |
| |
41.1 | 27 | == Building Blocks of P4P Networks == |
| |
27.1 | 28 | |
| |
41.1 | 29 | To fully assemble a P4P network one needs a few different building blocks, below is an overview of 15 of those building blocks. Lost in translation? Take a look at the [[terminology>>doc:P4P.Definitions.WebHome]]. |
| |
27.1 | 30 | |
| 31 | |||
| |
11.1 | 32 | |
| |
1.1 | 33 | |
| |
41.1 | 34 | |
| |
43.1 | 35 | (% class="col-xs-12 col-sm-8" %) |
| |
37.1 | 36 | ((( |
| |
42.1 | 37 | |
| |
35.1 | 38 | |
| |
15.1 | 39 | ==== **1. Data Synchronization** ==== |
| |
11.1 | 40 | |
| |
13.1 | 41 | > Synchronization answers **how updates flow between peers** and how they determine what data to exchange. This layer is about **diffing, reconciliation, order, causality tracking, and efficient exchange**, not persistence or user-facing collaboration semantics. |
| |
11.1 | 42 | |
| |
15.1 | 43 | * //How do peers detect differences and synchronize state?// |
| 44 | * Examples: Range-Based Set Reconciliation, RIBLT, Gossip-based sync, State-based vs op-based sync, Lamport/Vector/HLC clocks, Braid Protocol | ||
| |
11.1 | 45 | |
| 46 | |||
| 47 | |||
| |
15.1 | 48 | ==== **2. Collaborative Data Structures & Conflict Resolution** ==== |
| |
11.1 | 49 | |
| |
13.1 | 50 | > This layer defines **how shared data evolves** when multiple peers edit concurrently. It focuses on **conflict-free merging, causality, and consistency of meaning**, not transport or storage. CRDTs ensure deterministic convergence, while event-sourced or stream-driven models maintain a history of all changes and derive consistent state from it. |
| 51 | |||
| |
15.1 | 52 | * //How do peers collaboratively change shared data and merge conflicts?// |
| 53 | * Examples: CRDTs (Yjs, Automerge), OT, Event Sourcing, Stream Processing, Version Vectors, Peritext | ||
| |
13.1 | 54 | |
| 55 | |||
| 56 | |||
| |
15.1 | 57 | ==== **3. Data Storage & Replication** ==== |
| |
13.1 | 58 | |
| 59 | > This layer focuses on **durability, consistency, and redundancy**. It handles write-paths, crash-resilience, and replication semantics across nodes. It is the “database/storage engine” layer where **data lives and survives over time**, independent of sync or merging logic. | ||
| 60 | |||
| |
15.1 | 61 | * //How is data persisted locally and replicated between peers?// |
| 62 | * Examples: SQLite, IndexedDB, LMDB, Hypercore (append-only logs), WALs, Merkle-DAGs (IPFS/IPLD), Blob/media storage | ||
| |
13.1 | 63 | |
| 64 | |||
| 65 | |||
| |
15.1 | 66 | ==== **4. Peer & Content Discovery** ==== |
| 67 | |||
| |
13.1 | 68 | > Discovery occurs in two phases: |
| 69 | > 1. **Peer Discovery** → finding _any_ nodes | ||
| 70 | > 2. **Topic Discovery** → finding _relevant_ nodes or resources | ||
| 71 | > These mechanisms enable decentralized bootstrapping and interest-based overlays. | ||
| 72 | |||
| |
15.1 | 73 | * //How do peers find each other, and how do they discover content in the network?// |
| 74 | * Examples: DHTs (Kademlia, Pastry), mDNS, DNS-SD, Bluetooth scanning, QR bootstrapping, static peer lists, Interest-based routing, PubSub discovery (libp2p), Rendezvous protocols | ||
| |
13.1 | 75 | |
| 76 | |||
| 77 | |||
| |
15.1 | 78 | ==== **5. Identity & Trust** ==== |
| |
13.1 | 79 | |
| 80 | > Identity systems ensure reliable mapping between peers and cryptographic keys. They underpin authorization, federated trust, and secure overlays. | ||
| 81 | |||
| |
15.1 | 82 | * //How peers identify themselves, authenticate, and establish trustworthy relationships?// |
| 83 | * Examples: PKI, Distributed Identities (DIDs), Web-of-Trust, TOFU (SSH-style), Verifiable Credentials (VCs), Peer key fingerprints (libp2p PeerIDs), Key transparency logs | ||
| |
13.1 | 84 | |
| 85 | |||
| |
16.1 | 86 | |
| |
15.1 | 87 | ==== **6. Transport Layer** ==== |
| |
13.1 | 88 | |
| |
15.1 | 89 | > This layer provides logical connections and flow control. QUIC and WebRTC bring modern congestion control and encryption defaults; Interpeer explores transport beyond IP assumptions. |
| |
13.1 | 90 | |
| |
16.1 | 91 | * //How do peers establish end-to-end byte streams and reliable delivery?// |
| |
15.1 | 92 | * Examples: TCP, UDP, QUIC, SCTP, WebRTC DataChannels, Interpeer transport stack |
| |
13.1 | 93 | |
| 94 | |||
| |
16.1 | 95 | |
| |
15.1 | 96 | ==== **7. Underlying Transport (Physical/Link Layer)** ==== |
| 97 | |||
| 98 | > Highly relevant for **offline-first / edge networks**, device-to-device communication, and mesh networks and relates to the hardware which facilitates connections. | ||
| 99 | |||
| |
16.1 | 100 | * //How does data move across the medium?// |
| |
15.1 | 101 | * Examples: Ethernet, Wi-Fi Direct / Wi-Fi Aware (post-AWDL), Bluetooth Mesh, LoRa, NFC, Cellular, CSMA/CA, TDMA, FHSS |
| 102 | |||
| |
16.1 | 103 | |
| 104 | |||
| |
15.1 | 105 | ==== **8. Session & Connection Management** ==== |
| 106 | |||
| 107 | > Manages **connection lifecycle**, including authentication handshakes, reconnection after drops, and session continuation—especially important in lossy or mobile networks. | ||
| 108 | |||
| |
16.1 | 109 | * //How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?// |
| |
15.1 | 110 | * Examples: TLS handshake semantics, Noise IK/XX patterns, session tokens, keep-alive heartbeats, reconnection strategies, session resumption tickets |
| 111 | |||
| 112 | |||
| |
16.1 | 113 | |
| |
15.1 | 114 | ==== **9. Content Addressing** ==== |
| 115 | |||
| 116 | > Content addressing ensures **immutability, verifiability, and deduplication**. Identity of data = cryptographic hash, enabling offline-first and tamper-evident systems. | ||
| 117 | |||
| |
16.1 | 118 | * //How is data addressed and verified by content, not location?// |
| |
15.1 | 119 | * Examples: IPFS CIDs, BitTorrent infohashes, Git hashes, SHA-256 addressing, Named Data Networking (NDN) |
| 120 | |||
| |
16.1 | 121 | |
| 122 | |||
| |
15.1 | 123 | ==== **10. P2P Connectivity** ==== |
| 124 | |||
| |
16.1 | 125 | > Connectivity ensures peers bypass NATs/firewalls to reach each other. |
| |
15.1 | 126 | |
| |
16.1 | 127 | * //How can two peers connect directly across networks, firewalls, and NATs?// |
| |
15.1 | 128 | * Examples: IPv6 direct, NAT Traversal, STUN, TURN, ICE (used in WebRTC), UDP hole punching, UPnP |
| 129 | |||
| |
16.1 | 130 | |
| 131 | |||
| |
15.1 | 132 | ==== **11. Session & Connection Management** ==== |
| 133 | |||
| 134 | > Manages **connection lifecycle**, including authentication handshakes, reconnection after drops, and session continuation. | ||
| 135 | |||
| |
16.1 | 136 | * //How are connections initiated, authenticated, resumed, and kept alive?// |
| |
15.1 | 137 | * Examples: TLS handshake semantics, Noise IK/XX patterns, session tokens, keep-alive heartbeats, reconnection strategies, session resumption tickets |
| 138 | |||
| |
16.1 | 139 | |
| 140 | |||
| |
15.1 | 141 | ==== **12. Message Format & Serialization** ==== |
| 142 | |||
| 143 | > Serialization ensures **portable data representation**, forward-compatible schemas, and efficient messaging. IPLD provides content-addressed structuring for P2P graph data. | ||
| 144 | |||
| |
16.1 | 145 | * //How is data encoded, structured, and made interoperable between peers?// |
| |
15.1 | 146 | * Examples: CBOR, Protocol Buffers, Cap’n Proto, JSON, ASN.1, IPLD schemas, Flatbuffers |
| 147 | |||
| |
16.1 | 148 | |
| 149 | |||
| |
15.1 | 150 | ==== **13. File / Blob Synchronization** ==== |
| 151 | |||
| 152 | > Bulk data syncing has **different trade-offs** than small collaborative state (chunking, deduplication, partial transfer, resume logic). Critical for media and archival P2P use-cases. | ||
| 153 | |||
| |
16.1 | 154 | //How are large objects transferred and deduplicated efficiently across peers?// |
| |
15.1 | 155 | Examples: BitTorrent chunking, IPFS block-store, NDN segments, rsync-style delta sync, ZFS send-receive, streaming blob transfers |
| 156 | |||
| |
16.1 | 157 | |
| |
15.1 | 158 | ==== **14. Local Storage & Processing Primitives** ==== |
| 159 | |||
| 160 | > Provides durable on-device state and local computation (event sourcing, materialization, compaction). Enables offline-first writes and deterministic replay. | ||
| 161 | |||
| |
16.1 | 162 | * //How do nodes persist, index, and process data locally—without external servers?// |
| |
15.1 | 163 | * Examples: RocksDB, LevelDB, SQLite, LMDB, local WALs/append-only logs, embedded stream processors (NATS Core JetStream mode, Actyx-like edge runtimes), Kafka-like libraries |
| 164 | |||
| 165 | |||
| |
16.1 | 166 | |
| |
15.1 | 167 | ==== **15. Crash Resilience & Abortability** ==== |
| 168 | |||
| 169 | > Ensures P2P apps don’t corrupt state on crashes. Tied to **local storage & stream-processing**, and critical in offline-first and distributed update pipelines. Abortability is the updated term for Atomicity as part of the ACID abbreviation. | ||
| 170 | |||
| |
16.1 | 171 | * //How do nodes recover and maintain correctness under failure?// |
| |
15.1 | 172 | * Examples: WALs, idempotent ops, partial log replay, transactional journaling, write fences |
| 173 | |||
| 174 | |||
| 175 | |||
| 176 | |||
| |
11.1 | 177 | == Distributed Network Types == |
| 178 | |||
| 179 | |||
| 180 | [[Flowchart depicting distributed network variants, under development. Building on work from Z. Elfen, 2024: ~[~[https:~~~~/~~~~/doi.org/10.17613/naj7d-6g984~>~>https://doi.org/10.17613/naj7d-6g984~]~]>>image:P4P_Typology.png||alt="Flowchart depicting typologies of distributed networks, such as Friend-2-Friend, Grassroots Networks, Federated Networks, Local-First, P2P and P4P Networks" data-xwiki-image-style-alignment="center" height="649" width="639"]] | ||
| 181 | |||
| 182 | |||
| |
41.1 | 183 | |
| |
35.1 | 184 | == Overview of P4P Networks == |
| 185 | |||
| 186 | {{include reference="Projects.WebHome"/}} | ||
| |
24.1 | 187 | ))) |
| |
11.1 | 188 | |
| 189 | |||
| |
32.1 | 190 | |
| |
33.1 | 191 | |
| |
34.1 | 192 | |
| |
25.1 | 193 | |
| |
23.1 | 194 | |
| |
36.1 | 195 | ~)~)~) |
| |
42.1 | 196 | ))) |
| |
43.1 | 197 | ))) |